Binocular Vision

January 2024

Reliability and Validity of a 9-Point Ocular Alignment Test of Cardinal Gaze using Eye Tracking

Melissa Hunfalvay, PhD, Kenneth Kopolow, OD & Nicholas P. Murray, PhD

Vision Development & Rehabilitation

The purpose of this study is to determine the reliability of eye-tracking enabled 9-Point Motor Function Test and to determine the validity of the eye-tracking system compared with a traditional Cover Test (CT). Fifty participants between the ages of 19-61 years were tested by a veteran Board-Certified Optometrist using the RightEye 9-Point Motor Function Test (MFT; eye tracking test) and a Cover Test. Participants completed both the 9-Point MFT and the Cover Test in random order and completed the 9-Point MFT test twice to assess test-retest reliability. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha (CA). Overall reliability was acceptable to excellent per statistical standards.

December 2016

Home-Based Therapy for Symptomatic Convergence Insufficiency in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group

Optometry and Vision Science

To compare the effectiveness of home-based (HB) computer vergence/accommodative therapy (HB-C) to HB near target push-up therapy (HB-PU) and to HB placebo treatment (HB-P) among children aged 9 to G18 years with symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI).

October 2015

Treatment of symptomatic convergence insufficiency with home-based computerized vergence system therapy in children

Huston, Hoover

Journal of AAPOS

To evaluate the efficacy of a home-based computer orthoptic program for symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI) in children.

November 2012

Convergence insufficiency–A Major Review

Cooper, Jamal

American Optometric Association

Convergence insufficiency is a common binocular vision disorder affecting approximately 5% of the population in the United States. It is often associated with a host of symptoms that occur when doing near work, such as reading and computer viewing. This article reviews the existing literature on convergence insufficiency including etiology, diagnosis, sensorimotor findings, and management.

March 2011

Treatment of symptomatic convergence insufficiency with a home-based computer orthoptic exercise program

Serna, Rogers, McGregor, Golden, Bremer, Rogers

Journal of AAPOS

To determine the efficacy of a home-based computer orthoptic program to treat symptomatic convergence insufficiency

December 2009

Reduction of Symptoms in Binocular Anomalies Using Computerized Home Therapy HTS

Cooper, Feldman

Optometry

Recent studies have found that symptoms associated with convergence insufficiency are reduced by in-office vision therapy with supplemental home therapy. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the changes in symptoms using an automated, home computer vision therapy program (HTSTM) in accommodative/vergence disorders.

December 2007

Computerized Vision Therapy for Home and Office Treatment of Accommodative & Vergence Disorders & Amblypia

Cooper

Journal of Behavioral Optometry

Vision therapy or orthoptics is the standard treatment for symptomatic accommodative-vergence anomalies and amblyopia. Computerization of vision therapy has improved treatment results by: standardizing protocols; providing positive or negative reinforcement based upon responses; eliminating experimental (therapist) bias in research and/or therapy; and standardizing stimuli and methodology for diagnosis/treatment.